In recent years, GLP-1 medications—such as Ozempic, Wegovy, and Zepbound—have gained substantial popularity. Initially prescribed for type 2 diabetes, these drugs have now received FDA approval for weight loss, offering additional benefits such as a reduced risk of certain cancers, heart disease, and cognitive decline.
Dr. Holly Lofton, an obesity medicine specialist at NYU Langone Health, explains, “It works by making you less hungry, making your stomach empty more slowly and making your fat cells shrink hormonally.”
While these medications have enabled millions to lose weight and lower their health risks, they also come with potential side effects that are not as frequently discussed as their advantages.
Dr. Naomi Parrella, the chief of lifestyle medicine and medical director at the Weight Loss and Lifestyle Medicine Clinics at Rush University in Illinois, emphasizes, “These medications are very, very powerful,” noting that this potency contributes to a range of potential side effects, which can vary from mild reactions to serious health hazards.
Common Side Effects of GLP-1 Medications
While not everyone experiences side effects, many do, with some side effects being more prevalent than others:
1. Gastrointestinal Issues: Vomiting, nausea, and other gastrointestinal disturbances are among the most commonly reported issues. “The most commonly reported side effects are GI-related: nausea, constipation, loose stools, vomiting,” Lofton states. During clinical trials, nausea affected 44% of participants.
Parrella elaborates that the drugs mimic a natural hormone which can impact gastrointestinal function differently for everyone. “These meds are mimicking a natural hormone [GLP-1] and amplifying it … so, you can imagine it will impact people differently,” she said.
Due to the medication’s mechanism, food moves more slowly through the digestive tract, which can lead to symptoms like heartburn, acid reflux, and burping.
2. Dehydration and Nutritional Deficits: Some individuals taking GLP-1s may not feel hunger or thirst signals as often, which can lead to inadequate food and fluid intake. Parrella warns, “For some individuals, they might not be eating enough or drinking enough fluids, so it can cause risks related to dehydration or not having enough electrolytes, or possibly not eating enough nutrients, such as protein or fiber.”
As these medications promote a feeling of fullness, patients may consume fewer calories, which can result in nutrient deficiencies.
3. Serious Adverse Effects: Among the more severe potential side effects is pancreatitis, an inflammation of the pancreas. Parrella explains, “This medication is intended to make your pancreas work a little bit [harder], so that it pumps out more insulin when you eat foods that increase blood glucose.”
Other serious risks associated with GLP-1s include gallstones, gallbladder inflammation, and dehydration-related kidney failure. When dehydration leads to excessive vomiting, it can also impair kidney function. Additionally, intestinal obstruction can occur, meaning food gets stuck, leading to serious complications.
4. Dental Health Issues: Dr. Elizabeth Walton, clinical director at Risas Kids Dental, points out that GLP-1 medications can increase the risk of gum disease and dental decay. These medications decrease saliva production, resulting in dry mouth and increased vulnerability to cavities and periodontal disease. “Saliva produces a protective barrier over our teeth and lubricates our [gums],” Walton informed.
Importance of Reporting Side Effects
Patients are strongly encouraged to communicate any adverse effects to their healthcare providers. Lofton advises that if someone experiences vomiting even once, it is essential to report it. Persistent or worsening symptoms should definitely not be overlooked. “When symptoms continue or worsen, it’s a sign from the body that something is wrong,” Parrella adds, underscoring the importance of addressing health concerns promptly.
Managing Side Effects Effectively
To minimize side effects, healthcare professionals recommend a few guidelines while taking GLP-1 medications:
– Stay well-hydrated.
– Prioritize protein intake to support muscle maintenance and growth.
– Avoid eating three to four hours before bedtime to prevent issues like acid reflux.
Unknown Long-term Risks
With limited long-term research on GLP-1 medications, unknown risks persist. Parrella emphasizes that questions remain about potential long-term effects, stating, “Do they cause cancer? What happens if you stop? Does it cause a metabolic rebound?”
Continuous self-monitoring and open communication with healthcare providers are crucial for patients on these medications. Parrella concludes, “You also have to pay attention to the effect on your own body. So, if you don’t feel good or you are having symptoms of any kind, be in communication with your doctor so that you have a partner in the process.”
While GLP-1 medications can be highly effective, they are not suitable for everyone. Individuals should work closely with their healthcare providers to navigate potential risks and manage their health effectively.
